Hyperventilation 5 Vostfr- -

Each axis can be scored (0 = absent, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) yielding a composite (0–15). The suffix “‑” denotes the presence of a dominant axis (the one with the highest individual score) that guides therapeutic priority.

| Axis | Physiologic Domain | Representative Markers | |------|--------------------|------------------------| | (Ventilatory) | Central respiratory drive, lung mechanics | Minute ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT) | | O (Oscillatory) | Respiratory rhythm stability | Respiratory rate variability (RRV) | | S (Sympathetic) | Autonomic tone | Heart rate (HR), catecholamine levels | | T (Thermoregulatory) | Body temperature regulation | Skin temperature, sweat rate | | F (Respiratory) | Gas exchange efficiency | PaCO₂, alveolar‑arterial gradient | Hyperventilation 5 VOSTFR-

Current clinical practice typically categorizes hyperventilation into , metabolic , and neurologic types (American Thoracic Society, 2019). However, this taxonomy does not capture the multidimensional nature of the response, which involves intertwined ventilatory, autonomic, thermoregulatory, and respiratory‐muscle components. Each axis can be scored (0 = absent,