| Method | How it works | Free? | |--------|-------------|-------| | (command line) | magick convert image.jpg output.pdf | Yes | | Windows (built‑in) | Select JPGs → Print → “Microsoft Print to PDF” | Yes | | macOS (built‑in) | Open in Preview → File → Export as PDF | Yes | | Smallpdf / ILovePDF (web) | Drag & drop JPGs → download PDF | Yes (with limits) | | Python + img2pdf (script) | img2pdf img.jpg -o out.pdf | Yes (open source) | ⚠️ Caution : Free online tools may upload your images to a server. Use offline tools (ImageMagick, Windows/macOS built‑in) for private photos. If you specifically need citations for a thesis or report on free JPG to PDF conversion methods , let me know — I can provide properly formatted references (APA/MLA/IEEE).