| Mechanism | Description | |-----------|-------------| | | Upregulates VEGF and eNOS, improves blood flow to damaged tissues | | Collagen synthesis modulation | Balances collagen type I/III ratio, reducing scar formation | | Growth factor interaction | Potentiates FGF, TGF-β, and PDGF signaling | | Antioxidant effect | Reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) in injured tissue | | Gut barrier protection | Stabilizes tight junctions (occludin, claudin) | | Neuroprotection | Modulates serotonin and dopamine systems (observed with BPC 157 in rat brain injury models) |